SYLLABUS OF M.TECH (HYDRO POWER)

SEMESTER -I

MTH-501   ADVANCED MATHEMATICS

(a)    Ordinary and Partial Differential equations. Application to Boundary value problems,   Laplace and wave equations.

(b)   Theory of complex variables and conformal mapping : Complex numbers , the elementary functions, cauchy  theorem , infinite series. Elementary conformal mapping, conformal transformations of harmonic functions and boundary condition, applications to problems of fluid mechanics.

(c)    Matrix theory :

Matrices : Inverse, Eigen Values and eigen vectors, Solution of set of linear equations, System of linear equations, determinations finite, Dimensional vector, space, matrices - Matrix rotation. Application of calculus of tensors to simple problems in fluid mechanics.

(d)   Solutions of linear and nonlinear equations, Gause method, Gause-Jordon method, Relaxation method, Ranga-kutta method, application of these to hydraulics related problems.

HYD-501   ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS -I

(a)      Dynamics of flow: Fluid flow concepts, equation of continuity, rotation and vorticity, circulation, rotational and irrotational flow, velocity potential, stream function, flownets, Euler's equation of motion, Bernoulli’s theorem, Momentum theorem, Angular momentum theorem, conformal mapping, simple and inverse transformation, vortex motion.

(b)      Potential Flow Theory : Uniform rectilinear flow, source, sink , vortex, combination of source and uniform flow, combination of source and sink, doublet, flow past cylinder, stagnation point, Pressure distribution around cylinder.

(c)      Boundary layer theory :  Basic concepts, Navier's -stokes equations for steady & un-steady and  linear & non-linear flow, Boundary layer thickness, Boundary layer solution by momentum theory, Blassius theory, the Von Karman Integral relation, application of momentum integral equation to boundary layers, computation of  boundary layer thickness, boundary  layer separation,   prediction of boundary layer separation, methods of  boundary  layer  control, different types of drag.

HYD-502  INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS

1.      Direct  Measuring Instruments :

(a)    Pressures, hydro dynamic impact measurements by peizo-electric gauge and transducers, water hammer measurement.

(b)   Velocity measurement by pitot tubes, current meters, hot wire and hot film anemometer, laser doppler anemometer, use of chemicals for velocity measurements.

(c)    Discharge measurements in closed conduit and open channel - types of flow meters , their construction and working, flow visualisation methods.

(d)   Speed Measurements by revolution indicator, RPM counter, mechanical, electrical  and electronic tachometers.

(e)     Load or power measurements by prony break & rope break dynamometers, hydraulic dynamometer torsion dynamometers, electrical dynamometer.

(f)     Measurement of temperature, noise and vibration, air entrainment, cavitation measurements -  high speed photography as a cavitation measurement technique.

(g)    Cathode-Ray-Oscilloscope, Oscillograph, Spectrum Analyser.

      Calibration  and use of various instruments for the measurements.

2.      Measurement Techniques -

Basic concepts of measurements, performance characteristics of measuring   instruments, standard of measurement , treatment of uncertainties.

HYD-503 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER POWER SYSTEM

Hydrology :  Water power development : Rainfall and its measurement, average rainfall  consisting of rainfall data, Runoff and infiltration indices, river gauging, flood hydrograph analysis, investigation of sites, potential of a river or a basin, pondage. Estimation of available power.

Types of hydro power plants and their schemes, Elements of hydro power plants.  

       Types of  hydraulic turbines and their parts.

Water Hammer : Unsteady flow in canals - Equation of motion, shallow water equations and their solution, method of characteristics. Theory of water hammer, elastic waves in simple and complex conduits. Fundamental differential equations pressure rise in incompressible liquid due to value closure without considering pipe friction, Effect of pipe friction, wave reflection, Effect of slow valve closure. Allievie's charts for uniform valve closure, arithmetic integration and graphical method of water hammer analysis, water hammer in pumps.

Surge Tanks : Different types of surge tanks, effect of surge tanks on water hammer analysis, calame-Gaden equations. Influence of water hammer on turbine speed regulation , transfer functions for the effect of water hammer on governing stability

HYD-511  COMPUTER APPLICATIONS TO HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Introduction to object oriented programming variables and constants, Input & output and control statements, Arrays and pointers, functions, structures and classes, file management.

Numerical solution of equation related to hydraulics, water resources , hydro power etc. using computer programming.

Application programming to simple problem related to regression m interpolation, solution of algebraic equation. Etc.

HYD-512 - WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ENGINEERING

(a)    Introduction : The nature of  Water  Resources  System.

(b)    System Analysis : Systems Engineering, concept of a  system. Terminology and definition, objective functions , Optimal  Policy Analysis, the Differential Calculus Method , unconstrained and constrained  systems, Gradient Search Procedures.

(c)    The objective function of  Water  Resources Development, Linear Programming, Dynamic programming. Political and Economic statements of objective, Economic Indicators of Objectives, Alternatives for Water Resources Development.

(d)     Application of  Systems Analysis to Water Resources, System Elements Rainfall - Runoff Models, surface water quantity management models, water-use system , supply reservoir systems - Determination and stochastic input, optimal design of single reservoir system. Estuarine models, Ground water models.

(e)    Multipurpose water resources systems, summary of an analysis and design procedure for  a  complex  system , the distribution sub  system  optimisation; the supply and system optimisation , Allocation of storage to reservoir sites and river subsystems, optimal operations for planning ; optimal operations , post regulation reservoirs.

(f)      Water Resources Investment Timings & Economic Models : The basic investment - Timing problem; Feasibility of Interio Alternatives; conjunctive operation of surface and ground water storage ;  Stage Development of Water Systems under Multiple Capital Constraints: Determination of  Future Requirements.

HYD-513   STATISTICAL METHODS

Mathematical probability, distribution and sampling problems, theory of estimation including the methods of maximum likelihood, test of hypothesis including likelihood ratios tests, introduction to fractional design, random sampling, estimation , testing hypothesis, quality control and acceptance sampling, regression, analysis of variance. Distribution free methods.

Collection and diagrammatic representation of experimental data, precision techniques,  numerical solution of differential equations, nomograms.

Solutions of problems arising out of production engineering practice, statistical methods of planning experiments and interpolation of data.

II SEMESTER

HYD-551 - ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS - II

(a)        Viscous Flow :  Laminar  flow through circular pipes, annulus and non-circular pipes.

(b)        Turbulent Flow :  Turbulence models zero-equation, one-equation and multi-equations models, Turbulent flow through smooth and rough pipes, Darcy-weisbach resistance equation.

Pipeflow Problems ; single, reservoir problems, Barnching of pipes, pipe network analysis.

(c)        Open Channel Hydraulics : Concept of open channel;  basic equation - chezy's and  Manning's equations and computation of uniform flow; concept of specific energy, critical flow and its computation.

(d)        Forces around Submerged Bodies : Drag and Lift forces, Drag and lift co-efficients, Stream lined and bluff bodies, Drag on flat plate, Drag on cylinder, Drag on sphere, Circulation and lift on a cylinder and an aerofoil.

(e)        Mathematical Modelling of Hydraulic System :  Mathematical models,  Errors in Numerical

Analysis,  Interpolation, Nonlinear Algebraic equations, Quadrature

                       HYD-552  COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

(a)        Introduction : Definition and overview of CFD, need advantages, problem areas and models of CFD. Convergence, consistency , von-neumann stability analysis, projection error, evolution error, solution accuracy, computational efficiency.

(b)       Classification of  Partial Differential Equations : Elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic equations, equations in differential and integral form, stream function, vorticity, continuity, momentum equation, Navier-stokes equations.

(c)        Numerical Methods : Explicit, implicit, finite difference method and finite element and finite volume methods, discretisation of solution domain , L & W , Mac. coundee  & upwind scheme, flux vector splitting,  flux difference splitting scheme.

(d)       Initial and boundary conditions : Types of boundary conditions, Neumann boundary conditions, Dirichlet boundary conditions (flow upstream , No slip, on free surface, at exit and entry of ducts)

(e)        Grid Generation : Geometry description, algebric grid generation , trans finite interpolation , p.d.e. based   grid generation.

HYD-553  PRINCIPLES  OF  HYDRAULIC  MACHINES

Introduction of hydraulic machines: Introduction of hydraulic turbines and pumps.,        Fundamentals of hydraulic turbine theory.

Theories of Hydrofoils in two dimensional flows : Forms of profiles, origin of circulation around hydro-foil, main characteristics, pressure distribution, force and moments on the profiles, experimental investigation of profiles, Joukowski-kutta theorem, practical profiles and their application in hydraulic machines, induced drag.

(c )   Theory of Cascades: Main definitions, parameters of the cascade, lift force theorem for profile on cascade of infinitely thin profiles, different types of flow, The coefficient of cascade influence, direct and indirect problems for rectilinear cascades, calculation of flow through cascades, determination of infinitely thin profile with elliptical  and non elliptical distribution of circulation, Calculation procedure and derivation of profile with finite thickness.

(d)  Similitude in hydraulic machines: Requirements of similitude, laws of similarity, Froude, Reynolds, Weber and mach number, undistorted and distorted models, model construction, closed conduit models, separation effects, water tunnel tests for cavitation studies, Affinity laws for hydraulic machines (turbine & pumps), characteristic turbine co-efficient, specific speed ,  scale effects.

HYD-554   WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

Power Canals : Introduction , design-uniform flow, location and construction, unlined canals in soft ground, lined canal in soft ground, canals in rocks.

Tunnels : Introduction, geometric design, hydraulic design, cross-sectional forms and size, rock tunneling procedure,  tunnel support, tunnel lining , grouting.

Concrete Pipes : Applications, precast concrete pipes, reinforced concrete pipes.

Penstocks : Types of Penstocks, stresses in penstocks, economical diameter of penstocks, design of penstock, number of penstocks and equivalent penstock diameter, joints in pipeline, anchors and supports, valves.

Surge Tanks: General function of a surge tank, types of surge tanks, design consideration of surge tanks, stability of surge tanks, Lined canals, Layout of lined canals.

HYD- 561   HYDRO POWER STRUCTURES (ELECTIVE –II)

(a)        Intake Structures : Location and Intake types, hydraulic conditions affecting intakes, construction of low level intakes, Intake through concrete dams, design of intake, Intake Gates, Vertical Lift gates, Trash rakes, Trash screens, sediment exclusion arrangement.

(b)       Gravity Dams : Gravity analysis , Stress and strain tensors, formulation of problem, 2 and  3  dimensional elasticity , determination of normal , shear and principal stresses, foundation treatment , Joints.

(c)        Galleries and sluices : Stress concentration at openings in Dams, structural design of galleries, sluices, shafts.

(d)       Spillways : design of ogee and chute spillways ; energy dissipation arrangements .

(e)        Arch Dams : Design of arches by thin and thick cylinder theory.

(f)         Earth Dams: Design criteria, control of seepage through foundation and embankment, stability of  slopes  under different conditions including dynamic loading due to earthquakes.

HYD-562  - INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULICS (ELECTIVE II)

(a)        Introduction : Fluid Power System, Hydraulic Symbols, Typical abbreviations used on symbols, circuit diagrams, pipe fitting used in fluid power system.

(b)       Fluid power pumps and motors : Function and purposes of pumps and motors; different types of pumps : (i) Rotary - gear pump, generated rotor pump, sliding vane rotary pump, variable - delivery sliding pump, screw type rotary pump. (ii) Reciprocating pumps - radial piston reciprocating pump, rotating barrel type axial - piston pump, connecting rod type axial - piston  pump, simplex, duplex and triplex reciprocating pumps. (iii) Centrifugal pumps (iv) Simple jet pump, Head and energy in pump system, Head relations in a closed system, factors determining suction and discharge heads, pump characteristics; different type of hydraulic motors : (i) Radial  piston motors (ii) non-rotating  barrel type axial piston motors. (iii) Limited rotation motors.

(c)        Pressure Control  Valves : Different types of valves ; Safety valves, relief valves, counter balance valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, pressure reducing valves, Hydraulic fuse, pressure switch.

(d)       Flow control valves : Basic two way valves, non-compensated flow control valves, check valves , control valve circuits, flow control valve with relief valve compensation.

(e)        Directional control valves : Check valves, pilot check valves, two way valves, shuttle valves, three way valves, diversion valves, four way valves, solenoid control valves.

(f)         Mechanical linkage system, servo system components, pressure pick up, amplifier, torque motor, servo valve, type directional control valve, oil pilot two stage actuation. Feedback circuits.

(g)        Industrial Hydraulic Circuits: Pressure regulating circuit, remote control of fluid pressure circuit , counterbalance circuit, sequence circuit, speed control circuit, mater-in  and meter-out circuit , basic  automation  circuit, Motion synchronizing circuit , servo circuits.

HYD 563   PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT  (ELECTIVE II)

Productional planning control

Introduction , objectives, functions of Project Planning Ccontrol, Production procedures organization of PPC, manufacturing methods nad PPC.

Capacity Planning

Measurement of capacity planning , estimating future capacity needs, factors inctrumenting capacity need . Aggregate planning. Master production schedule.

Material requirement planning

Objective , functions,, MRP technology, MRP system , MRP outputs, MRP logic, management resources.

Project scheduling

Objective of network analysis, Basic concept in network, Fulkerson’s rule, CPM, Programme evaluation and review techniques.

Comparison between CPM and PERT.

III SEMESTER

   HYD- 601 -  DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC MACHINES - PUMPS

(a)      Classification of different types of pumps, Theoretical  analysis of energy transfer between fluid and rotor , principles for axial, mixed flow and centrifugal pumps, characteristics curves, pumps setting and cavitation.

(b)     Centrifugal Pumps : Theory of impeller , vortex theory, design of impellers, design of volute, design of diffuser, Disc friction and multi-staging.

(c)      Mixed Flow Pumps : Design of mixed flow impellers, design of Francis type impellers. Pump casing .

(d)     Axial Flow Pumps : Design of axial flow impellers, hydraulic performance of different types of  pumps.

(e)      Pump details and materials : Shafts and sleeves, bearings, packing boxes, wearing rings, axial thrust, radial thrust, coupling.

(f)       Special operating conditions of centrifugal pumps; Problems of pump design and application. Shaft design for critical speeds.

       Special purpose pumps : Vertical turbine and jet pumps, irrigation  and drainage pumps, clog-less pumps. Rotary  pumps, different types and design details.

(g)   Blowers : Different types, characteristic curves, design of radial type blowers, their volutes and diffusers.

HYD -602 DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC MACHINES-TURBINES

(a)    Constructional features and working proportions of hydraulic turbines.

(b)   Energy losses in hydraulic turbines :Types of energy losses, hydraulic losses, volumetric losses, disk losses, mechanical losses in model and proto type, scale effects and model laws.

(c )  Cavitation in hydraulic turbines :  Types of cavitation in turbines, consequences of        cavitation, turbine cavitation coefficients, similarity laws in cavitation flows, calculation of the static suction head for prototype turbines, relationship between geometry of turbines,  space and cavitation performance, the preventation measures.

(d) Turbine characteristics. Efficiency and cavitation characteristics of model and prototype for different types of turbines, standardization and selection of turbine.

Design of  Francis Runner : Flow pattern in the runner and accepted  assumptions, one, two and three dimensional consideration, selection of design parameters, determination of meridional flow pattern, one dimensional methods of blade designing  in ir-rotational and rotational meridional flow.

Design of axial flow including bulb turbines. Selection of the main design parameters, determination of the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet of the runner, derivation of the meridional projection and plan of a blade, airfoil method of blade designing, method of  vorticity layer.

Reversible pump turbines.

Turbine casing and stay ring. Selection of design parameters, hydraulic calculations of spiral casing (different methods) the influence of spiral casing on the turbine performance , calculations of guide wheels.

Draft  tubes.:  Energy and energy coefficient of a draft tube, the influence of draft tube on the characteristics, draft tubes,  standardization, straight and bell mouthed draft tubes applications.

Pelton wheel: Description of different types of Pelton turbines design, comparison of impulse turbines with the Francis machines, energy conversion in Pelton turbine, the main hydraulic parameters, unit values and specific speed of Pelton turbines, selection and design of the hydraulic elements of Pelton turbines.

HYD-611 DESIGN OF POWER HOUSE

(a)      Power House : Classification and  preliminary dimensions of power house.

(b)      foundation investigation methods, foundation treatment,

(c)       Power House Sub Structures : Constructional form and sizes, design and  constructional details.

(d)      Power House Super Structures : Structural frame work and building details, General Planning, Steel structure, Reinforced concrete construction, Roof construction, wall construction, Out door and semi out door  stations.

(e)      Underground Power Stations : Hydro dynamics of underground systems and types of underground stations, types of underground  power house and large head race and tail race tunnels, Economics of under ground power stations.

(f)        Small Hydro Stations : Civil works of high , medium and low heads, micro/mini hydro schemes.

                                                     HYD-612    GOVERNORS CONTROL SYSTEMS

1.         Design and Compensation Techniques :

The Design Problem, Preliminary design considerations. Basic comparators, cascade compensation in time domain and frequency domain, feedback compensation, Different types of controllers.

2.        State Variable Analysis :

  State variables, state space representation, Transfer matrix, state model for linear continuous time systems. Eigen values, eigen vectors, Diagonalization, Solution of state equation, concept of controllability and observability. Pole placement by state feedback.

3.        Discrete time systems :

Introduction to discrete time systems , Time domain, representation & transformation analysis of discrete time systems, time domain approach and z domain approach. Pulse transfer function, Controllability and observability of discrete time systems stability analysis in z plane.

4.        Non linear Control Systems

          Introduction, characteristics limit cycles, singular points, Basic non linear components phase plane methods, Describing functions, Definition, D.F. for basic non linearities,  Absolute stability, circle and popov criterion, Liapunov functions.

5.        Linear Optional and Adaptive Control

Linear optimal regulator problem, finite time horizon, Principle of optimality, Hamilton Jacobi equation, Riceati differential equation, steady state solutions (LQR), Algebraic Riceati  equation, properties, gain and phase margin, sensitivity, non linearities, optimal state estimation, Kalman filter, Output feedback control (LQG).

HYD-613    MATERIALS & MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

(a)             Different materials used for manufacturing of water turbines components. Factors influencing their selection. Yield and fatigue strength  considerations, resistance to corrosion, oxidation and erosion due to caviation etc.

(b)            Casting of Metals : Metals and methods of melting direct iron casting, grey iron , white iron, malleable iron, modulus iron moulding machines, shell moulding, die casting alloys, centrifugal casting miscellaneous  casting methods.

(c)             Powder metallurgy ; Methods of producing metal powders, methods of manufacture selection, mixing , pressing ,  briquetting, sintering sizing and finishing, application to runners affected by cavitation erosion.

(d)            Forging processes : Smith forging , drop forging, upset forging, press forging, roll forging precision and raped forging, special application to large forging in water turbines.

(e)             Stamping and forming : Blanking and shearing , blending and forming , explosion forming , high energy rate forming, drawing  metal stretching.

(f)              Welding processes: Arc welding impregnated type metal welding, atomic hydrogen arc welding, submerged arc welding, carbon electrode arc welding, gas welding and seam welding brazing and soldering forge welding, applications to welding of spiral casing, draft tubes, runner, distributors, etc.

(g)             Machining Processes: Metal cutting lathes, turret  and automatic lathes, shaping and plan drilling, boring, milling, broaching and girding, Electrochemical, Electrospark and ultrasonic machining, Applications to machining of various parts turbines.

HYD-641  DISSERTATION PHASE-I

The thesis / project shall be analytical, experimental or both. The candidates will perform such work under the supervision of academic staff or eminent engineers or scientists in the subject recognized by the university for this purpose.

                                              HYD-691  FINAL DISSERTATION

The candidate will be required to defend thesis in a viva voce examination before a committee of examiners appointed by the university.